WEB PENUNJANG PEMBELAJARAN DALAM BIDANG ILMU PEMNDIDIKAN GEOGRAFI

MAKALAH

Disusun untuk Memenuhi Tugas Komputer

yang Dibina Oleh Adriyanto Tanjung

Disusun Oleh:

Nur Wakhid Hidayat    (110721435132)

Kelas AA 2011

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG

FAKULTAS  ILMU SOSIAL

JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN GEOGRAFI

April 2012

stellarium adalah suatu program yang menayangkan gambaran gugusan bintang yang nampak dari dalam bumi, dari penjuru arah mata angin, meliputi dari utara, selatan, timur, dan barat bumi.

stellarium merupakan program GPL (General Product Licence) yang menampilkan bentuk rasi dan bintang-bintang secara nyata di waktu saat ini layaknyay seperti kita melihat bintang dari kaca pembesar atau teleskop.

program ini direkomendasikan untuk Linux/Unix, Windows dan MacOSX.

di versi Stellarium 0.6.0 kita bisa mengubah lokasi dimana kita melihat penampakkan langit.

pembuatan stellarium ini tidak lepas dari "Digitalis Education Soutions" --> membantu finansial, NASA, dan USGSAstrogeologi Resc.

Tampilan.

Gambar : Stellarium menampilkan kenampakan langit saat siang dan malam.

Time travel

Saat stellarium di jalankan, waktu pada program mengikuti waktu pada PC bersangkutan, jika jam pada PC menunjukkan saat malam hari,maka awal munculnya stellarium pada malam hari (langit gelap).

Terdapat panel dipojok kanan bawah

Berikut adalah  cara untuk melihat kenampakan langit

Gambar : penampakkan langit yang ada efek visual di stellarium.

Table: perangkat efek visual pada stellarium.

Pencarian obyek. Terdapat beberapa opsi sebagai berikut,

Stars Stars may be searched either by name (for the brighter stars) or by their number in the Hipparcos star catalogue. For example, you might search for “Altair” or 97649.

Constellation Constellations may be searched for by name, for example “Orion” .

Nebula Nebulae may be searched using the Messier catalogue number, e.g. “M31” would search for the Andromeda galaxy.

Planets & Moons This category may be used to locate the major planets (Mercury, Venus, ... Pluto) and their satellites, Earth’s Moon and the Sun.

Gambar : Kanfigurasi Waktu, Lokasi, Bentang Alam, Video, dan Bawaan.

Video Mode Settings The Video tab in the configuration window offers the following setting options:Fisheye projection mode When this check box is selected Stellarium draws the sky using angular fish-eye projection. When the check box is not selected Stellarium uses OpenGL’s perspective projection to draw the sky. The difference is most obvious when the field of view is wide (i.e. zoomed a long way out). In angular fish-eye projection, straight lines become curves when they appear a large angular distance from the centre of the field of view (like the distortions seen with very wide angle camera lenses).

Disk viewport This check-box, when selected, adds a black circular border around the main view. Using the zoom functions to set the field of view, it’s possible to simulate looking through binoculars or a telescope eyepiece - useful if you want to know how much of a constellation you can see at once with a given instrument.Display resolution You may select what resolution Stellarium runs in using this control. Choose the highest resolution you can, but be aware that the higher the resolution, the slower Stellarium will react. If moving from one object to another isn’t a smooth process, try a lower resolution.

Gambar: Panampakkan Stellarium jika diubah dalam bidang datar.

A.1 The Celestial Sphere

The Celestial Sphere is a concept which helps us think about the positions of objects

in the sky. Looking up at the sky, you might imagine that it is a huge dome or top

half of a sphere, and the stars are points of light on that sphere. Visualising the

sky in such a manner, it appears that the sphere moves, taking all the stars with

it—it seems to rotate. If watch the movement of the stars we can see that they

seem to rotate around a static point about once a day. Stellarium is the perfect

tool to demonstrate this!

1.      Open the configuration window, select the location tab. Set the location to be somewhere in mid-Northern latitudes. The United Kingdom is an ideal location for this demonstration.

2.      Turn off atmospheric rendering and ensure cardinal points are turned on. This will keep the sky dark so the Sun doesn’t prevent us from seeing the motion of the stars when it is above the horizon.

3.      Pan round to point North, and make sure the field of view is about 90_.

4.      Pan up so the ‘N’ cardinal point on the horizon is at the bottom of the screen.

5.      Now increase the time rate. Press k, l, l, l, l - this should set the time rate

so the stars can be seen to rotate around a point in the sky about once every ten seconds If you watch Stellarium’s clock you’ll see this is the time it takes for one day to pass as this accelerated rate. The point which the stars appear to move around is one of the Celestial Poles. The apparent movement of the stars is due to the rotation of the Earth. The

location of the observer on the surface of the Earth affects how she perceives the motion of the stars. To an observer standing at Earth’s North Pole, the stars all seem to rotate around the zenith (the point directly directly upward). As the 26

A.2. COORDINATE SYSTEMS APPENDIX A. ASTRONOMY CONCEPTS

observer moves South towards the equator, the location of the celestial pole moves down towards the horizon. At the Earth’s equator, the North celestial pole appears to be on the Northern horizon.

Similarly, observers in the Southern hemisphere see the Southern celestial pole at the zenith when they are at the South pole, and it moves to the horizon as the observer travels towards the equator.

1.      Leave time moving on nice and fast, and open the configuration window. Go to the location tab and click on the map right at the top - i.e. set your location to the North pole. See how the stars rotate around a point right at the top of the screen. With the field of view set to 90_ and the horizon at the bottom of the screen, the top of the screen is the zenith.

2.      Now click on the map again, this time a little further South, You should see the positions of the stars jump, and the centre of rotation has moved a little further down the screen.

3.      Click on the map even further towards and equator. You should see the centre of rotation have moved down again. To help with the visualisation of the celestial sphere, turn on the equatorial grid by clicking the button on the main tool-bar or pressing the on the ‘e’ key. Now you can see grid lines drawn on the sky. These lines are like lines of longitude an latitude on the Earth, but drawn for the celestial sphere. The Celestial Equator is the line around the celestial sphere that is half way between the celestial poles - just as the Earth’s equator is the line half way between the Earth’s poles.

A.2 Coordinate Systems

A.2.1 Altitude/Azimuth Coordinates

The Altitude/Azimuth coordinate system can be used to describe a direction of view (the azimuth angle) and a height in the sky (the altitude angle). The azimuth angle is measured clockwise round from due North. Hence North itself is 0_, East 90_, Southwest is 135_ and so on. The altitude angle is measured up from the horizon. Looking directly up (at the zenith) would be 90_, half way between the zenith and the horizon is 45_ and so on. The point opposite the zenith is called the nadir. The Altitude/Azimuth coordinate system is attractive in that it is intuitive - most people are familiar with azimuth angles from bearings in the context of navigation, and the altitude angle is something most people can visualise pretty easily. However, the altitude/azimuth coordinate system is not suitable for describing the general position of stars and other objects in the sky - the altitude and azimuth values for an object in the sky change with time and the location of the observer. Stellarium can draw grid lines for altitude/azimuth coordinates. Use the button

 on the main tool-bar to activate this grid, or press the ‘z’ key.

A.2.2 Right Ascension/Declination Coordinates

Like the Altitude/Azimuth system, the Right Ascension/Declination (RA/Dec) coordinate system uses two angles to describe positions in the sky. These angles are measured from standard points on the celestial sphere. Right ascension and declination are to the celestial sphere what longitude and latitude are to terrestrial map

makers.

Gambar : Cara kerja Stellarium yang mengikuti garis khayal lintang dan bujur

Gambar : Garis Khayal terdapat garis khayal ekuator diangkasa saat miring dan tegak lurus.

Astronomical Unit (AU) This is the mean Earth-Sun distance. Roughly 150 million kilometers (1.49598×108km). The AU is used mainly when discussing the solar system - for example the distance of various planets from the Sun. Light year A light year is not, as some people believe, a measure of time. It is the distance that light travels in a year. The speed of light being approximately 300,000 kilometers per second means a light year is a very large distance indeed, working out at about 9.5 trillion kilometers (9.46073×1012 km).

Light years are most frequently used when describing the distance of stars and galaxies or the sizes of large-scale objects like galaxies, nebulae etc.

Parsec A parsec is defined as the distance of an object that has an annual parallax of 1 second of arc. This equates to 3.26156 light years (3.08568 × 1013 km). Parsecs are most frequently used when describing the distance of stars or the sizes of large-scale objects like galaxies, nebulae etc Parallax Parallax is the change of angular position of two stationary points relative to each other as seen by an observer, due to the motion of said observer. Or more simply put, it is the apparent shift of an object against  a background due to a change in observer position. This can be demonstrated by holding ones thumb up at arm’s length. Closing one eye, note the position of the thumb against the background. After swapping which eye is open (without moving), the thumb appears to be in a different position against the background. A similar thing happens due to the Earth’s motion around the Sun. Nearby stars appear to move against more distant background stars, the movement of nearby stars against the background is called stellar parallax, or annual parallax.

Gambar : Konstelasi (gambar) dari ursa mayor

Constellations

The constellations are groupings of stars that are visually close to one another in the sky. The actual groupings are fairly arbitrary—different cultures have group stars together into different constellations. In many cultures, the various constellations have been associated with mythological entities.

Gambar : Informasi dari sebuah bintang.

Tabel Tipe Bintang dan Kecerahan Cahaya